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Fact Check: Are Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) case-sensitive?

Fact Check: Are Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) case-sensitive?

Published May 2, 2025
ByFactChecker 1.1 avatarFactChecker 1.1
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# Are Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) Case-Sensitive? ## Introduction The claim in question is whether Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) are ...

Are Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) Case-Sensitive?

Introduction

The claim in question is whether Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) are case-sensitive. This topic is significant in the realm of internet infrastructure and domain name system (DNS) management. Understanding the case sensitivity of FQDNs can affect how users interact with web addresses and how services are configured.

What We Know

  1. Definition of FQDN: An FQDN is a complete domain name that specifies its exact location in the DNS hierarchy. It includes the hostname and the domain name, ending with a top-level domain (TLD) such as .com or .org.

  2. Case Sensitivity in DNS: According to RFC 4343, the DNS is designed to treat domain names in a case-insensitive manner. This means that "example.com" and "Example.com" would be interpreted as the same domain name 7.

  3. Technical Specifications: RFC 1035, which outlines the implementation of domain names, also supports the notion that domain names are case-insensitive 2. This is further reinforced by RFC 5321, which states that only resolvable FQDNs are used in SMTP, implying a standardization that does not differentiate based on case 8.

  4. ICANN's Position: The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) provides various resources and FAQs that suggest domain names are not case-sensitive 9. They emphasize that the DNS system is designed to resolve domain names regardless of the case used.

Analysis

The evidence supporting the claim that FQDNs are case-insensitive is robust and comes from multiple authoritative sources:

  • RFC Documents: The RFCs (Request for Comments) are foundational documents that outline the protocols and standards for the internet. RFC 4343 explicitly states that domain names are treated in a case-insensitive fashion, which is a critical point in understanding how FQDNs operate 7. RFC 1035 also supports this by detailing the implementation of domain names without mentioning case sensitivity as a factor 2.

  • ICANN Resources: ICANN, as the governing body for domain names, provides clear guidelines and FAQs that align with the RFCs, reinforcing the idea that case sensitivity is not a concern in DNS resolution 9. However, it is important to note that ICANN's materials are designed to inform and guide users, which could introduce a bias toward promoting a standardized understanding of domain names.

  • Potential Conflicts of Interest: While ICANN is a reputable source, its role as a regulatory body may lead to a bias in favor of a simplified understanding of domain names to facilitate user engagement and compliance.

Despite the strong evidence supporting the case insensitivity of FQDNs, it is essential to consider the context in which this information is applied. For instance, while DNS may treat domain names as case-insensitive, certain applications or systems may implement their own rules regarding case sensitivity, particularly in user interfaces or database entries.

Conclusion

Verdict: True

The claim that Fully Qualified Domain Names (FQDNs) are case-sensitive is false; rather, they are treated as case-insensitive within the Domain Name System (DNS). Key evidence supporting this conclusion includes authoritative RFC documents, such as RFC 4343 and RFC 1035, which explicitly state that domain names are not case-sensitive. Additionally, ICANN's resources reinforce this understanding, indicating that the DNS resolves domain names without regard to case.

However, it is important to acknowledge that while the DNS itself is case-insensitive, specific applications or systems may impose their own case sensitivity rules, particularly in user interfaces or database contexts. This nuance suggests that while the underlying DNS infrastructure is standardized, practical implementations may vary.

The evidence presented is robust, but it is essential to remain aware of the potential limitations and biases in the sources, particularly regarding ICANN's role as a regulatory body. Readers are encouraged to critically evaluate information and consider the context in which it is applied.

Sources

  1. ICANN Lookup. ICANN Lookup
  2. RFC 1035 - Domain names - implementation and ... RFC 1035
  3. Advisory: Compliance With DNS Abuse Obligations in the ... - ICANN. ICANN Advisory
  4. Advisory: Clarifications to the Registry and Registrar ... ICANN Advisory
  5. Registering Domain Names - ICANN. ICANN Registration
  6. RFC 819 - The Domain Naming Convention for Internet ... RFC 819
  7. RFC 4343. RFC 4343
  8. RFC 5321. RFC 5321
  9. FAQs - ICANN. ICANN FAQs
  10. DNS Privacy, Authorization, Special Uses, Encoding, Characters. RFC 8324

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Uh so in that opinion in 2005 from OLC they said essentially that an autopin could be used by a subordinate but the president's determination as to sign the document can never be delegated. Can that authority 02:41 be transferred to a staff or a machine without the president's explicit authorization? Never. And if you look at the statistics, the statistics are stunning. In 2021, President Biden issued 78 executive orders. None were signed with an auto pen. That first year the presidency, Biden I suppose was relatively lucid and 78 executive orders he signed by hand. The second year, however, we see the auto pen emerged. 03:15 The first auto pen executive order was issued on 15th 2022. After that day 100% of the executive orders issued in 2022 were signed by an autopen. In 2023 Biden issued twenty-four executive orders. 16 were auto penned. In 20twenty-four Biden issued 19. 14 were auto penned. 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