Fact Check: The Soviet union killed between  20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953

Fact Check: The Soviet union killed between 20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953

Published March 20, 2025Updated June 18, 2025
by TruthOrFake
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VERDICT
Partially True

# Fact Check: "The Soviet Union killed between 20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953" ## What We Know The claim that the Soviet Union killed bet...

Fact Check: "The Soviet Union killed between 20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953"

What We Know

The claim that the Soviet Union killed between 20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953 is based on various estimates of deaths resulting from government policies, purges, famines, and repression during this period. According to a comprehensive analysis by the University of Hawaii, estimates of deaths attributable to the Soviet regime range significantly, with some sources suggesting figures as low as 20 million and others as high as 61 million (source-1). Notably, Robert Conquest, a prominent historian on Soviet history, estimated that at least 20 million people were killed during the Stalin years alone (source-1).

The Holodomor, a man-made famine in Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, is one of the most cited events contributing to these death tolls. Estimates for the Holodomor's death toll range from 3.5 million to 7 million (source-2). Additionally, the broader context of Stalin's regime includes forced labor camps (Gulags), mass executions, and widespread repression, which collectively contributed to the high mortality rates during this era (source-3).

Analysis

The estimates of deaths caused by the Soviet regime vary widely due to differing methodologies, definitions of "killed," and the political context in which these figures are presented. Some scholars argue that the high estimates, such as those reaching 60 million, may include indirect deaths from famine and the effects of repressive policies rather than direct killings (source-8). This complicates the assessment of the claim, as it raises questions about how to categorize deaths resulting from state policies versus those directly caused by violence.

The reliability of sources also varies. For instance, the University of Hawaii's study is often cited for its systematic approach to tallying deaths, but it has been critiqued for potentially inflating numbers by including indirect deaths (source-1). Conversely, more conservative estimates, such as those from Wikipedia, suggest a lower range of around 10-20 million, reflecting a more cautious approach to counting deaths (source-7).

The debate over these figures is also influenced by political perspectives, with some historians emphasizing the scale of repression under Stalin as a unique historical phenomenon, while others argue that comparisons with other genocides should be made cautiously (source-4).

Conclusion

The claim that the Soviet Union killed between 20 and 60 million people from 1917 to 1953 is Partially True. While there is substantial evidence supporting the notion that millions died due to Soviet policies, the exact number remains contentious and varies significantly among scholars. The lower estimates are more conservative and focus on direct killings, while higher estimates often include indirect deaths from famine and repression. Thus, the claim captures a significant historical reality but lacks precision due to the complexities involved in estimating such large-scale human losses.

Sources

  1. Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 - University of Hawaii System
  2. Holodomor | Holocaust and Genocide Studies
  3. Stalin killed millions. A Stanford historian answers the question, was ...
  4. Chapter 1
  5. Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
  6. Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin
  7. Mass killings under communist regimes - Wikipedia
  8. Inside The True Figure Of How Many People Stalin Killed - All That's ...

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Detailed fact-check analysis of: By quarterbacking Israel’s attack on Iran, Trump brought an end to a particularly demoralizing era in U.S. history The main reason Israel’s massive attack on Iranian leadership, nuclear facilities, and other targets came as a surprise is that no one believes American presidents when they talk about protecting Americans and advancing our interests—especially when they’re talking about the Islamic Republic of Iran. Ever since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, U.S. presidents have wanted an accommodation with Iran—not revenge for holding 52 Americans captive for 444 days, but comity. Ronald Reagan told Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall, but when the Iranians’ Lebanese ally Hezbollah killed 17 Americans at the U.S. embassy in Beirut and 241 at the Marine barracks in 1983, he flinched. Bill Clinton wanted a deal with Iran so badly, he helped hide the Iranians’ sponsorship of the group that killed 19 airmen at Khobar Towers in 1996. 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A Harvard/Harris poll shows 60 percent support for Israel “to take out Iran’s nuclear weapons program,” with 78 percent support among Republicans. Who thinks it’s reasonable for Iran to have a bomb? In a lengthy X post attacking Mark Levin and others who think an Iranian bomb is bad for America, Tucker Carlson made the case for the Iranian bomb. Iran, he wrote, “knows it’s unwise to give up its weapons program entirely. Muammar Gaddafi tried that and wound up sodomized with a bayonet. As soon as Gaddafi disarmed, NATO killed him. Iran’s leaders saw that happen. They learned the obvious lesson.” The Iranians definitely want a bomb to defend themselves against the United States—NATO, if you prefer—but that’s hardly America First. The threat that an Iranian bomb poses to the United States isn’t really that the Iranians will launch missiles at U.S. cities—not yet, anyway—but that it gives the regime a nuclear shield. It’s bad for America if a nuclear Iran closes down the Straits of Hormuz to set the price for global energy markets. It’s bad for America if a nuclear Iran wages terror attacks on American soil, as it has plotted to kill Trump. An Iranian bomb forces American policymakers, including Trump, to reconfigure policies and priorities to suit the interests of a terror state. It’s fair to argue that your country shouldn’t attack Iran to prevent it from getting a bomb, but reasoning that a terror state that has been killing Americans for nearly half a century needs the bomb to protect itself from the country you live in is nuts. Maybe some Trump supporters are angry and confused because Trump was advertised as the peace candidate. But “no new wars” is a slogan, not a policy. The purpose of U.S. policy is to advance America’s peace and prosperity, and Trump was chosen to change the course of American leadership habituated to confusing U.S. interests with everyone else’s. 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